The Fourth Millennium Development Goal - 1230 Words

†¢ The fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 4) established by the United Nations in 2000 is to reduce child mortality. Its target is to reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the mortality rate of children under five. †¢ Since then, the under-five mortality has decreased globally by 47% and many countries are well on their way to achieving MDG 4. Unfortunately Pakistan is not one of those countries, and its progress has been incredibly slow. †¢ Progress on MDG 4 is measured against six key indicators, but despite some gains, the country is off track for 5 out of the 6 indicators. †¢ 1) The under-five mortality rate which has seen a moderate decline from 117 per thousand live births in 1990 to 89 per thousand live births in 2013. However the target for this indicator is 52, and Pakistan is well off track from achieving. †¢ 2) The infant mortality rate, in the same time period dropped from 102 to 74 per thousand live births, which is not an optimistic number seeing as the target for this indicator is 40. †¢ 3) The proportion of fully immunized children 12-23 months is aimed at 90 per 1000 children. The latest National value shows improvement from 53% in 2001 to 80% in 2013 yet there is an urgent need to speed up this process; immunization against the common communicable diseases is important in preventing morbidity and mortality against children. †¢ 4) Proportion of 1-year children immunized against measles shares the same aim (90) as indicator 3 although the figureShow MoreRelatedMillennium Development Goals : The Millennium Goals1518 Words   |  7 PagesMillennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are, eight goals put in place by the 191 UN states, the goals are set to be reached by the year 2015. Signed September of 2000, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2015, the United Millennium Declaration commits leaders of the world to combat literacy, hunger, environmental degradation, disease, and discrimination against women. 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The MDGs report of 2015 was analyzedRead MorePopulation Growth And Its Effects1409 Words   |  6 Pagesdown. The United Nations have created the Millennium Development Goals which help develop some of the poorest countries in the world. It is believed that if conditions in these countries improve and if they develop more then the population growth rate will go down. If this happens then it is believed that some of the environmental problems will go away.The Millennium Development Goals are a set of eight goals that each include a few targets to achieve the goal. They are basically a to do list to helpRead MoreOriental Institute Museum Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesOriental institute Museum is part of the university of chicago, a research facility Opposed to a teaching facility such as Wright college, the university is located in one of the most upcoming areas, also given one of many best chicago neighborhood development awards. This would explain why Hyde Park was a back drop for the presidential election bringing forth one of the most loved and revered presidents, President Barack Obama. Prior to my mandatory trip to this side of chicago I was unaware of suchRead MoreSustainable Development Goals Of The United Nations957 Words   |  4 PagesNations, as an organization that always devotes to promoting the development of human beings, has proposed a set of sustainable development goals in place of the old Millennium Development Goals. Goal 7, which is related to energy and includes 5 targets, is aimed to â€Å"Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.† Measurability of the Targets From a personal perspective, it seems that most targets within Goal 7 are measurable. The first target, â€Å"by 2030 ensure universalRead MoreEssay Sustainable Development and Population Control1569 Words   |  7 PagesSustainable Development and Population Control      Ã‚  Ã‚   A nineteen year old pregnant Chinese girl is forced to abort because she is too young to have a child. Iran, an Islamic nation, instructs religious leaders to promote contraception as a social duty. A Norwegian international banker worries about migratory tensions that would engulf his nation with waves of third world immigrants. A Los Angles Times article decries the lack of an official United States population policy. What do theseRead MoreThe Last Class Session Of New York City921 Words   |  4 Pagesto rehabilitation of governments. Likewise, the Department of Political Affairs was established in 1992 with a major purpose of conflict prevention through diplomacy. The UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or the Rio Summit, held in 1992, agreed on the sustainable development agenda. Another conference, World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 reaffirmed the inherent rights of man. These events and initiatives operated as silos; that is, there was no deliberate effort to coordinate

Modern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay - 2020 Words

There are a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of the world, it goes as far as even welcoming it. This is because modern Judaism takes a fairly inclusive stance towards all that modern society has to offer and provide. (Waxman, 1993) In modern Judaism, interaction with different culture and knowledge is encouraged, not for the sake of facilitating the Torah as it is in the traditional Judaism but for the sake of the person, as this outside knowledge is seen to be part of a larger truth. (Elias, 1960) With these general distinctions b etween traditional and modern Judaism, it is easy to find examples of people in popular culture who fit into the classification. One person who could be argued to be a good example of a modern Jew – someone who takes part in life outside of Jewish culture and welcomes with open arms modernity – is Woody Allen. As an 80 year old man, Allen has had to struggle with the shift from traditional to modern Judaism and create a mixture (or lack thereof) that works for him. As an individual tying his whole life toShow MoreRelatedModern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay2018 Words   |  9 Pages There is a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. 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(Page 126) The Reform, Orthodox, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Humanistic are modern branches of Judaism that ...reconcile centuries-old-traditions with the new ways of thinking and living promoted by the European Enlightenment (Oxford, 126). The Reform branch of Judaism is the most liberal of all the others and the issues regarding traditional ritualsRead MoreThe Role of Judaism in Family Relationships: Article Analysis1235 Words   |  5 PagesKrieger, Aliza. The Role of Judaism in Family Relationships. Introduction: According to Aliza Krieger, author of the article titled The Role of Judaism in Family Relationships, because Judaism plays an important role in a Jewish persons identity, Judaism should be incorporated into family-based therapy. Judaism itself is more than just a persons religious beliefs, it is also part of a Jewish persons ethnicity and culture as well. And because Judaism plays an important role in familyRead MoreJudaism : The Religious Life Of Israel1590 Words   |  7 Pages Judaism, while there are many, is one of the oldest surviving religions in the world. Judaism is a way of describing an approach to serving God. It is the term used to describe the religious life of Israel. Judaism is a way of life that has been observed by the Jewish people for almost 3,300 years, starting when the ancestral Father of Israel, Abraham was chosen by God. Jews deem themselves as descendants of Abraham and Sarah, Rachel and Jacob and Leah, Zilpah and Bilhah, and Isaac and Rebekah.Read MoreWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior900 Words   |  4 Pagesrights. What is Judaism? Judaism is the religion, philosophy, and the way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is a monotheistic religion. It is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the children of Israel. Traditional Judaism views homosexual acts as wrong, but more liberal branches of Judaism (Conservati ve, Reform, and Reconstructionist) are more supportive of homosexuality. Many Traditional, or Orthodox, Judaism reject civil andRead MoreMoses Mendelssohn s Thoughts On Judaism907 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughts on Judaism, mainly laid out in Jerusalem, Or on Religious Authority and Judaism, were meant to show non-Jews that Judaism was already compatible with enlightenment ideas as is. He had no thoughts on changing how Jews practiced Judaism in any way. Mendelssohn himself remained an observant Jew and felt he could do so while still studying and contributing to secular subjects. However, early reformers believed that the practice of Judaism needed to be changed for Jews to fit into modern times. 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It is the s acred Jewish book of commandments given to Moses from God at the top of Mount Sinai, which contains all of the 613 mitzva that guide Jewish adherents to be faithful to the covenant

Operations Management of the Toyota Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Operations Management of the Toyota Company. Answer: Introduction The assignment focuses on the operations management of the Toyota Company. Toyota Corporation is one of the biggest Japanese multinational automotive producers, headquartered in Japan. This company is the biggest listed corporation as accounted by market capitalization and revenue. This company is known as the most profitable automaker in the world due to its radical system for service procedure, reduction of waste and improvement in quality. This study covers the scope, nature and responsibilities of administering operations that includes- quality management, inventory, supply chains and so on (Gunasekaran Ngai, 2012). The KPI has been justified for the perspectives of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) that aligns with Toyotas operational performance. The seven dimensions of quality as proposed by David A Gravin and its importance for Toyota is also discussed in this paper. The study also elucidates on how Toyota applies Kaizen and total quality management (TQM) for achieving improvement in business operations. Explaining KPI for the perspectives of BSC aligning with Toyotas operational performance The BSC relates to the performance management tool that is supported by automation tools and design methods that is used by the managers of organizations for keeping track of execution of business activities and monitoring the outcome occurring from these activities. This concept provides a view on the companys strategy from four different perspectives, which includes- Financial perspective- It focuses on the companys financial performance measures including net income, return on investment, revenue, profit and so on. This perspective is critical for the managers for keeping track of financial performance. Internal procedure perspective- This perspective focuses on the internal operational targets and also covers objectives relating to these processes that is necessary for delivering customer objectives. Customer perspective-This focuses on the performance goal relating to target customers. It mainly covers growth of customers, branding objectives and service targets. Learning and progress perspective- This focuses on different components or intangible drivers including- information capital, human capital and companys capital. KPI ( Key performance indicators) refers to the performance metrics that analyzes how well the enterprise achieve their targets. This metrics allows managers of company to focus on administering vital activities, strategies and business risk. The two KPI recommended for each perspective of BSC for aligning Toyotas operational performance are given below: Financial perspective- The two KPI recommended for this perspective are profit margin and sales growth (Marr, 2012). Toyotas operational performance can be measured with the help of their profit margin and growth in sales. Customer perspective- The two KPI suggested for this perspective in order to align with Toyotas operational performance are customer satisfaction and customer retention. Both these KPI will help the company measure their customer loyalty and operation management. Internal procedure perspective- The two KPI recommended for this perspective are quality cost and capacity utilization. This will help Toyota to increase the efficiency and quality of internal operations. Learning and progress perspective- The two KPI recommended for this perspective are employees engagement and their skills assessment. Thus, this will help Toyota to understand the amount to be invested for improving their staffs skills. Seven dimensions of quality proposed by David A Gravin and its significance for Toyota David A Gravin is an expert in quality control area who opines that quality can be utilized by a company in strategic manner for competing effectively with other rivalries. Proper quality strategy takes into account different dimensions of quality, which are given below: Performance- It involves different operating features of product and other measurable attributes such as brands ranked objectively etc. Reliability-It relates to the extent of dependability of benefit of commodity for long time frame. Durability- It estimates time length that the commodity performs before its replacement. Characteristics- This relates to additional features that increases appeal of product to the customer. Conformance- It indicates the extent to which product conforms to the pre- established condition. The quality goods are usually expected to meet set standard Aesthetics-This signifies subjective dimension that indicates type of response a customer gives for a product. It usually represents customers personal preference. Serviceability- This indicates promptness, proficiency and courtesy when the commodity breaks down in marketplace. These seven dimensions of quality has huge importance for Toyota as they adopts unique approach to producing product that is lean production. This kind of manufacturing involves five part procedure that involves defining value for customer, defining the stream value, striving for excellence and pulling from consumer back. They mainly concentrate on making flow of product through their value- added procedure without any interruption. In addition, as this company has been operating in the global market, they face several challenges from their competitors in terms of price and quality of product. However, this dimension has huge significance for Toyota as it helps them to maintain consistency in producing quality product and sustain in vulnerable competition (Brown et al., 2013). Moreover, much of this company success basically comes from their astounding reputation in quality. Kaizen and Total Quality Management Total quality management refers to the procedure by which the management as well as employees of the company becomes involved in improving the quality of goods and services to their customers. It is the continuous effort made by the organization for ensuring loyalty of their customer and their satisfaction level (Abdallah, 2013). It also ensures that each worker are working towards improvement of business culture, systems, processes and attain long tern success in the business. Most of the organizations use this approach for improving their internal operations, increasing productivity, reducing waste and eliminating inventories. Continuous improvement mainly depends on the Japanese concept termed as Kazien. This philosophy refers to the different methods used by the organizations for improving their operations. It generally involves identification of best practices benchmarks and instilling sense of workers ownership of procedure (Knechtges Decker, 2016). It focuses mainly on decreasing the time length required for the specific procedure, problems with suppliers as well as customers etc. This is mainly the long- term approach in work, which methodically seeks to attain small changes in the procedure for improving efficiency as well as quality. Toyota applying Kaizen and TQM for achieving continuous improvement Both Kazien as well as TQM is the hub of the production system of Toyota. Like every mass manufacturing system, this company process need that every mechanical as well as human task be defined precisely and standardized for ensuring high quality, increasing efficiency and eliminating waste. As the members of the this corporation have the responsibility to follow standardized guildlines in their work and seek continuous improvement, they adopts both these TQM and Kazien (Yang Yang, 2013). In addition, the day to day improvement which the team members as well as leaders makes in their operation practices as well as equipment are basically known as Kazien. Furthermore, implementing these two approaches also helps the company to strive improvement in each sphere of their activities that ranges from basic production procedure to serving quality product o their customer. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that strategic operation management is necessary for every organization to operate in the global market. Furthermore, implementation of TQM and Kazien also helps the company to innovate product with best quality and improve their quality of work at every level of operations. The above case study reflects that Toyota has applied TPS ( Toyota production System) in manufacturing product, which is the basis of lean production movement that dominates their production trends over the last few years. References Abdallah, A. B. (2013). The influence of soft and hard total quality management (TQM) practices on total productive maintenance (TPM) in Jordanian manufacturing companies.International Journal of Business and Management,8(21), 1. Brown, S., Blackmon, K., Cousins, P., Maylor, H. (2013).Operations management: policy, practice and performance improvement. Routledge. Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W. (2012). The future of operations management: an outlook and analysis.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), 687-701. Heizer, J. (2016).Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Hitt, M. A., Xu, K., Carnes, C. M. (2016). Resource based theory in operations management research.Journal of Operations Management,41, 77-94. Knechtges, P., Decker, M. C. (2014). Application of kaizen methodology to foster departmental engagement in quality improvement.Journal of the American college of radiology,11(12), 1126-1130. Marr, B. (2012).Key Performance Indicators (KPI): The 75 measures every manager needs to know. Pearson UK. Tjader, Y., May, J. H., Shang, J., Vargas, L. G., Gao, N. (2014). Firm-level outsourcing decision making: A balanced scorecard-based analytic network process model.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 614-623. Yang, C. C., Yang, K. J. (2013). An integrated model of the Toyota production system with total quality management and people factors.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(5), 450-461. Zehir, C., Ertosun, . G., Zehir, S., Mceldilli, B. (2012). Total quality management practices effects on quality performance and innovative performance.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,41, 273-280.

Synopsis Of A Clockwork Orange Essay Example For Students

Synopsis Of A Clockwork Orange Essay Synopsis of A Clockwork Orange In A Clockwork Orange, the main character is that of a mildly young child of 15 who, along with his fellow friends, or Droogs, partake in evenings of Ultra-Violence. Ultra Violence consists of random beatings, theft, destruction, and rape. The main character, Alex, is the self-proclaimed leader of the pack, and makes judgment on their actions pending on his mood. His Droogs eventually find themselves under his direct rule, following his every word, and decide to challenge his authority. The three Droogs (Dim, Georgie, and Pete) join Alex on his romp to a local fat farm to pillage the goods therein. Inside, Alex stumbles upon the owner of the resort, and after a length scuffle with her, ends up giving her a blow to the head with a rather large, ceramic replica of an erect penis. When he leaves the outer gates of the complex, Dim surprises him by smacking a milk bottle against his face. His counterparts escape while little Alex is left bleeding and blinde d to deal with the police. Upon interrogation of Alex, he discovers that the blow he delivered to the young lady was a fatal one. He is charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to 14 years in prison. While there, he befriends the resident minister and becomes a helper to his service. The minister, Alex soon discovers, is a part in a new form of treatment that is trying to be implemented prisons to help cure inmates from committing acts of violence. Through luck and discussion with the higher officials in the prison, Alex is chose to be a guinea pig for the experiment, and is sent to become inoculated from violence. The treatment consisted of Alex being strapped down to a chair in front of a cinema screen, having electrodes attached to his head, and being kept focused by small pairs of clamps used to disable his ability to blink. This, along with the injection of an experimental serum, is monitored whilst he views movies of UltraViolence. The serum leaves him vulnerable to his surroundings, which are destructive films, and induces such feelings of helplessness, fear, and near-death paralysis, similar to that of drowning. Alex soon associates this feeling of distraught with the violence, and with the background music being played throughout the entire ordeal: Beethoven, Alexs main love. The final result is that whenever Alex is confronted with either violent acts of any kind, or the sweet strings of Ludwig Van, he is soon on his knees in pain and agony. When he is released, his parents abandon him. He meets up with a few members of his old gang that have turned into crooked cops, and with their newfound power and long-lasting loathe of Alex, they beat him much and leave him for dead, this of which brought on the sickness that he was conditioned for. Stumbling in the dark for help, he comes across a polite looking residence that looked vaguely familiar. Eventually, Alex realizes that he is in the presence of a former victim of his, but believes that the own er would not recognize him. To his dismay, the author did recognize him after hearing Alex sing a song in a very similar fashion to the way his attackers did 2 years ago. After slipping a sedative into Alexs wine, Alex wakes up to find himself in a locked room on the second floor of an apartment high-rise. Through the floorboards, Alex starts to hear the hateful sounds of Beethoven, and goes into his sickness fits. No exits, No escapes. His only way out is to jump out of the closed window and end his life. He does just that. Alex wakes in a hospital. The author was jailed for attempted murder, and the government officials that started the program were ridiculed and harassed out of their positions. Alex finds himself broken and hurt, but his thoughts are that of the Ultra-Violence. Alex was cured and ready to live again. Aspects of Psychology In A Clockwork Orange, Alex is portrayed as two different people living within the same body. As a mischievous child raping the world, he as se en as filth. His actions and blatant disrespect towards society are categorized under that of the common street bum. However, when he is away from his evening attire, he is that of suave. His clothing, his words, his overall attitude. The distinction between the two is triggered by the gentle sounds of Ludwig Van Beethoven. The psychology of Alex would be that of a serial killer. He is a classic example of Darwins, Skinners, Freuds, Eriksons, and Adlers major theories. Alex is not truly close to any other person that he comes in contact with in the film. He is using his parents for a place to live, and they show no emotion towards him, good or bad. His love for his gang is not that of a male/male platonic relationship that is common in brotherhoods. It is that of a marriage of like interests, when the parties involved loathe each other personally. Society is against him for all his mortal sins. The only living creature that he shows love for is his snake. Darwins theory of man havin g the same thought processs of animals holds an interesting bearing upon Alex. Alexs love is for his snake. Generally love is defined by an understanding, or a closeness between two items. The snake is represented by many things in the natural world today. Freuds analyzation for the male closeness to the snake is that the person involved is questioning his sexuality, or his love towards the female gender. Alex keeps coming back to his snake after his nights on the town, and his first concern with life after he is paroled is his dear snake. This, combined with the fact that keeps his snake in a chest under his bed ( the most recognized sexual item in an average household), shows his inadequacies with his sexual performance and his penis. He feels that by keeping in contact with his snake, he will be more of a man then he already is, thus making him more noticeable and attractive towards the opposite sex. Therefore, Alex doesnt view his snake as an equal, but as a greater being capabl e of becoming a close friend and a security blanket. The snake is also used in many different cultures to represent the evil and hate that man kind dwells on. When something evil happens, culture blames all of its fears upon the snake, the idol of fear. The love that Alex feels for his snake could fall under the love of understanding. With this love, Alex feels that he can relate to his snake, and to what society views the snake as. Alex finds the snake to represent sin and the hate that spawned the world as we know it today. In Genesis, the serpent convinced eve to disobey her god and to eat an apple from the tree of life, thus causing man to not be eternal, and for womans childbirth to be complex and painful. In Christianity, the snake is the originator of sin. Alex feels that he is the modern bringer of sin. Alex often finds himself in many situations where he is surrounded with scenes of graphic sex or some sort of phallic reference. After a night of Ultra-Violence, Alex and his droogs find themselves relaxing at the Karova Milk Bar drinking Milk Plus, Milk Plus Dreminol, and Milk Plus Synthemesc. The bar is adorned with images and sculptures of naked women in various positions of sexual encounters, all of which with exaggerated colors and lengths of fluffy hair. This corresponds with Harlows experiments with monkey babies finding comfort in soft items in times of distress. Alex finds comfort in the fluffy hair and softness of the environment of the bar. When he has committed an act of distressing nature, be it violence or everyday normal occurrences, he retreats to Karova to bring him a feeling of warmth, satisfaction, and justification of his previous deeds. This form of relaxation is common from children of broken homes. Freud believes that the self-image within a man is shaped in the first 5 years of life. With the response that Alexs parents give to him in his home-life, it is obvious that they did not offer much love to the growing child. By Freuds b elief, if the child does not receive the proper love from a mother that it should, it will find other means to replace the comfort that a mother provides. Alexs comfort was the violence and the pleasure brought from a night completed. There is no reference in the movie about Alexs parents being his natural born parents, or if one of them died and remarried. My beliefs are that Alexs natural born mother was beaten and eventually left his father. Alex was in the middle of this action, and like Banduras findings, the child imitates the action that he views and takes it as natural, thus using it in everyday life. Alexs aggression upon society are truly the natural urges and feelings that he experiences, thus making him normal, being unaware of the wrongs that his violence induces. In a Freudian aspect, this could explain a vast majority of his aggression that he displays. His actions interpret his hatred towards his father for being the reason he lacks a parental security blanket. As qu oted in one of the first few scenes: †¦and in the mess of wobbly chaos the drunken old malchek had found himself lying in, he had managed to be able to push out an ugly lyric or two. Now, the one thing that I truly hate in the world is a drunken old malchek singing out the songs of his father with an occasional blurp,blurp in between., this shows his loath for 1) Disrespect for music. 2) Drunks, and 3) Men in his fathers image. The music was his salvation, for it could snap him in and out of his dementia. The music was used in a pseudo-Pavlov experiment to eliminate Alexs love for violence. In the experiment, Alex ingested a serum that would induce a deathlike paralysis. While the serum was taking effect, he was bombarded with sights of violence and the sweet sounds of Ludwig Van Beethoven, both leaving an impression in his psyche, relating the sickness to the sights and sounds that he was subjected to. In Pavlovs experiments, his major goal was to prove that he could train a s ubject to give a conditioned response with no reinforcement. This was accomplished by training a dog to salivate when he heard a bell ring. The dog was use to the sound of a ringing bell before receiving his food. Eventually, Pavlov removed the food from the experiment, but the dog retained the conditioned response of salivating whenever he heard the bell ring. Thus a conditioned response without positive nor negative reinforcement. Alexs conditioned response was to fall to the sickness when subjected to Beethoven. With the sickness being the conditioned response, there is no Reinforcement because the sounds of Beethoven were not intentional, thus not needing reinforcement. However, Alexs trauma could also be referred to as a Skinner approach to treatment. Skinners theory was that one could achieve a conditioned response by giving the subject positive or negative reinforcement. In his experiments, a mouse was put in a cage with nothing but a pressable button and a light. When the ba r was depressed, the light flashed and food was delivered into the cage. If the mouse were dropped into a similar cage, it would be safe to assume that it would retain the reaction to hit a bar and receive food. The conditioned response was to hit the bar when hungry. The reinforcement was the food that was provided by completing the response. In Alexs case, the reinforcement would be the metal satisfaction of not going through with his violent needs when he is subjected to violent surroundings. In conclusion, the theories used as a basis behind Stanley Kubriks A Clockwork Orange, resemble that of the theories that came from the greater thinkers of modern time. Alex, the guinea pig in this tale, is a classic example of many psychologists case studies, and could be analyzed differently from each. 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Oedipus Obstacles Essays

Oedipus Obstacles Essays Oedipus Obstacles Essay Oedipus Obstacles Essay Oedipus endured many different experiences on his search for the truth that he was not aware even lingered. Each one of these experiences had a polarity of sorts paired along with it in some way. Oedipus intellect throughout the play showed both his great strength and his ultimate downfall. Throughout the play of Oedipus the King by Sophocles, there was evidence of great polarities in his search for truth ranging from fame and shame, and sight and blindness, to ignorance and knowledge. The most dreadful of the situations was when Oedipus great fame turned bruptly into shame upon himself and his kingdom. His fame cane from him relieving the city of Thebes of the plague that so long hindered them by the Sphinx. Once Oedipus solved the Sphinxs riddle, leading her to her ultimate suicide, he received the crown due to his heroic deed. The whole kingdom adored him and would be revolted when they found out the truth. This came about when it was realized that Oedipus prophecy that he left Corinth to escape, actually came true. The fact that he killed his birth father and married his mother brought him great shame. With this shame came other things. Although Oedipus could physically see, he was blinded by the fact that he did not know the dark truth that was hovering around him. When his sight was given to him, he did not know how to react, and therefore literally took it away from himself. The shame was too great for him to endure so by voluntarily blinding himself, he thought that would be a sufficient punishment. Oedipus was unaware of his reality so when this dreadful news was brought to his attention, he needed some way to aid his grief and did so in an unruly manner. Oedipus ignorance came directly from the fact that he had no truthful knowledge of who he really was. He had left Corinth to escape the chance of letting the prophecy come true, but unbeknownst to him, it would come true because of his departure. The previous knowledge that Oedipus believed about him being from Corinth allowed him to prosper and become a highly respectable king. This ignorance that he possessed was the cause of all of the cumbersome problems he endured throughout the play. Oedipus reliance of his intellect both aided him and ultimately led him to is downfall. If all else were void, the intellect that Oedipus withheld allowed him to be a beloved king adored by the people of Thebes. After all, his intellect was the tool that allowed him to relieve the city of Thebes from the plague. When everyone actually became aware of the truth, Oedipus could not fathom his newfound intellect and performed and act of self-mutilation. It led to his wife (and mother) killing herself, him being exiled from Thebes never to see him children again, and having to give up his crown to someone who did not want the responsibility of a king. These great polarities that Oedipus faced on his Journey for the truth showed the fast opposites he endured during the various experiences. Usually had times help shape a persons character but these hard times were too much for anyone to handle. Although he was an extremely respectable leader, in the end the negatives outweighed all of the positives presented by Oedipus. When all of the puzzles pieces onto his family and kingdom. With a man who did not want any kind of kingly duties taking his throne, I do not see how things could change for the better.

Fingerprints Example

Fingerprints Example Fingerprints – Coursework Example The Role of Fingerprint Technology in Solving a Thirty Year Old Murder Case The Role ofFingerprint Technology in Solving a Thirty Year Old Murder CaseThe individuality of fingerprints and the advancement of forensic science have made it possible for the collection and analysis of important pieces of evidence in the criminal justice system. A fingerprint is one of the most important pieces of evidence in crime prosecution. There are three kinds of fingerprints that can be identified in a crime scene comprise, patent, latent and impressed. Fingerprints have played a significant in reviving cold cases in which all leads had been exhausted. Technological advancement has opened a new window for opening cold cases by discovering new leads for investigators and making justice possible for victims. The automated fingerprints searching technology played a significant role in identifying the perpetrator of a murder that took place three decades ago. The Automated Fingerprint Identification Sys tem (IAFIS) that is maintained by the FBI keeps records of about 73 million criminals. The criminal database is used daily to solve cold cases. In 2012, Douglas Herout and Laura Casey received Latent Hit award for identifying the man who stabbed Carroll Bonnet to death in 1978 (FBI, 2012).IAFIS was used to solve the murder case after several failed attempts were made to identify the murderer. The crime took place in 1978, and police gathered all the necessary evidence that included latent fingerprints. Additional fingerprints were collected from the victim’s car which had been stolen and found in Illinois. All the evidence was processed and searched against the local and the state fingerprint records. No match was found despite the relentless efforts made by the investigators. The case went cold until 2008 when senior lab technician at the Omaha Police Department, Laura Casey, was prompted to search the prints against IAFIS, which was not in existence in 1978. IAFIS produced possible culprits for the murder within five hours. After several days of careful examination, Casey identified Jerry Watson as the man who had committed the crime (FBI, 2012).References30-Year-Old Murder Solved Fingerprint Technology Played Important Role. (2012, September 11). THE FBI. Retrieved September 23, 2014, from fbi.gov/news/stories/2012/september/30-year-old-murder-solved

The Board of Education Decision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Board of Education Decision - Research Paper Example The ruling immediately saw African-Americans begin to attend the schools that were a preserve of the whites (Irons 46). To demonstrate the importance of the decision was the admission of the nine black American students commonly referred to as the â€Å"Little Rock Nine† into a purely white segregated school known as the Little Rock’s Central High school (Levine 13). Desegregation laws then began spreading all over the country despite the cry from the whites who were very much opposed to Brown’s ruling. In fact, at the beginning, violence was very high in schools when whites attempted to bar the Black Americans from attending their schools, as they still perceived blacks as secondary citizens who dis not deserve to sit with them in the same school.Whitman reveals that the impacts of the National Association for the advancement of Colored People (NAAP) soon grew, fighting for the implementation of Brown’s rule in all schools (91). This became a reality as t he whites bowed down to pressure from the civil rights movement led by people like Martin Luther King junior and his colleagues. Whitman notes that it is through this landmark ruling that the U.S. is now free of racial segregation in schools (91). Probably segregation could still be in existence if this important ruling could not have been made Brown’s ruling is also considered very significant because it acts as a precedence for subsequent court rulings since it created American was arrested in 1955 for refusing to give out his seat to a white passenger (Kluger 48).

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan - Case Study Example His mother referred the boy to me after he started portraying a lot of aggressiveness especially towards his friends as well as older brother. Collins is of Asian origin and is extremely attached to his iPad. He is always on his iPad, which he refuses to give or share with anyone. He turns extremely aggressive when anyone gets near him particularly when he is using his iPad. This boy has both parents and one brother who is older than he is. His belligerence is characterized by recurrent verbal outbursts in addition to offensive actions towards his friends, brother, or at times to his parents. Additionally, when the iPad is taken from him, he breaks everything he gets hold of. Collins demonstrates aggressiveness mainly when prevented from doing what other considered wrong or when he wanted to get something forcefully from others, particularly his iPad. To assess Collins, I together with his mother used indirect assessment. A number of strategies were used to assess the boy. One of the strategy entailed cross-examining the mother. Additionally, the mother filled the Functional Behavioral Assessment Screening Form (FBASF). Moreover, the assessment entailed use of Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF). The forms helped get information regarding the settings, circumstances, and the extent of aggressiveness displayed by Collins. Additionally, direct behavior observation was done on Collins. Functional Assessment Interview Form (FAIF) results revealed that Collins have a tendency to be more aggressive when bothered specifically when using his iPad. On several occasions, he would go to the extent of breaking anything within his reach especially when anyone tried to take his iPad from him. Direct behavior observation showed that he was more likely to get aggressive when his brother who attempted to take the iPad. On some occasions, he would yell loudly and kick at anyone close to him.

Defining the Humanities Essay Example for Free

Defining the Humanities Essay After reading this week’s lecture and my understanding of what humanities are is the study of what people have experienced and how they express this experience. Humanities are how people have interacted throughout their existence and how people interact today. Humanities are the study of the philosophical beliefs of a culture. The philosophical approach to understanding a culture is what separates humanities from science and history. Science and history are exact and rarely are open for debate once it is proven to be fact. Science will set out  to prove its point, whatever it may be, through precise calculations. Science also studies theory and probability. Science lacks imagination in their calculations whereas humanities use imagination to understand past culture. Science wants to prove how people came to exist whereas humanities seek to understand why people exist. History is different from humanities because history studies documentation as facts and undisputable regarding what happened. Humanities seek to answer why it happened and to understand it. History was recorded in books in  libraries, Humanities are written on walls in caves or in the design contained in buildings. Today cultures express their interests, their experiences, and their values through many forms such as art, music, and movies. Sharing experiences is perhaps the most basic form of explaining who people are. By sharing these experiences in the forms of art, music, and movies, it allows us to share information about us through our creativity. In today’s culture these three forms of expression allow people to show their individuality and to connect with many on different levels. Art takes many forms and is interpreted by an individual differently. Colors and design reflect our feelings. Black and white expresses loneliness and pain whereas bright colors express happiness. A painting for example, allows an artist to express themselves in a way he or she feels. It is their visualization of their thoughts (Kitchin, 2004). Society looks at the painting and is free to interpret it their way. One person may see happiness whereas another sees sadness. A picture of time square could mean chaos and seem overwhelming to one from a rural area where someone from a city sees everything he or she needs. People continue to express themselves with music. The meanings behind the words of the songs often come from the feelings and the experiences of the author. It is the responsibility of the musician to express those feelings and experiences through sound. Music with soul (Hakes, 2011). Music has been very important to our culture. Think of how important the Beatles were to world or even the Grateful Dead. My personal favorite band is Linkin Park. They are my favorite because I can relate my life to the words of their song. Their music attracts those DEFINING THE HUMANITITES 3 who appear to be weak or who do not appear to be societies strongest. Their song â€Å"The Little Things Give You Away† was written about Hurricane Katrina. The devastation from Hurricane Katrina was widespread devastation. Their song attempts to reflect through music the pain and suffering affected by it. Movies are much like music however instead of only simply able to hear words and visualize it; the movies create the visualization for the person. Movies use categorization such as romance, action, and drama. Movies based on real life events attempt to capture those events and explain them. Movies can show the romance side of a situation or even the heroics. The recent movie Argo is about the falling of the United States Embassy in Iran, which was overrun. This movie reflects the horror that six members went through while showing the heroics of a CIA member to return the members of the Embassy to the United States. These three forms of expression will continue to exist as time continues. They are acceptable means of  expressions and are a very important part of today’s society. All three bring joy to people and if capable a person can express him or herself like none before. DEFINING THE HUMANITITES 4 References Kitchin, M. (2004). Art and expression. Retrieved from http://www. students. sbc. edu/kitchin04/artandexpression/artandexpression. html Hakes, T. (2011, March 11). Music as expression vs. music as entertainment. Retrieved from http://abovegroundmagazine. com/blogs/letter-from-the-editor/03/15/music-as-expression-vs- music-as-entertainment/

Unanimous Versus Non Unanimous Jury Verdicts Law Essay

Unanimous Versus Non Unanimous Jury Verdicts Law Essay In the United States, 48 states require unanimous criminal jury verdicts. A unanimous jury verdict indicates that all jurors came to a common decision in the criminal proceedings. Louisiana and Oregon are the only two states that allow non-unanimity jury verdicts. Louisiana statue allows juries to convict felony suspects by votes of 10 to 2 and allows such non-unanimous verdicts in felony cases where the punishment is imprisonment with hard labor. The only punishment that requires a unanimous 12 juror vote verdict is the death penalty. The Oregon State Constitution allows for non-unanimous guilty verdicts to be returned when 10 of 12 jurors agree on guilt, except in cases of first degree murder, where unanimity is required. Within the last year, two major cases; Miller v. Louisiana (2005) and Bowen v. Oregon (2007) have been decided in controversy. This has re-established the question of Louisiana and Oregons constitutionality and fairness in respect to the defendants Sixth Amendment rights. In May 2009 Corey C-Murder Miller was convicted of 2nd degree murder by a 10 to 2 jury decision and in August sentenced to a mandatory life imprisonment with no possibility of parole in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In Millers case, initially three jurors believed he was not guilty but one changed her vote (C.J. Lin, 2009). Ms. Jacob was the deciding vote and stated in a newspaper interview that, she does not feel that the prosecutors proved their case beyond a reasonable doubt. But she said she voted once to convict Miller just to end deliberations because of the brutal pressure applied by some jurors on another juror who thought the rapper was innocent (C.J. Lin, 2009). Louisiana declined to rehear the case on the groun ds brought by the NAACP President. In October 2009, the United State Supreme Court announced they would not hear the case of an Oregon man Scott Davis Bowen sentenced to 17 years, who was convicted of sexual abuse, sodomy and rape of his 15-year old stepdaughter by a split jury, which put an end to the issue of non-unanimity to the higher state court until another case is brought forward (Green, 2009). History of Jury Trials The Supreme Court originally held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to trial that was based on Englands common law when the Constitution was adopted in 1787. Therefore, juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that the verdict had to be unanimous. When the Fourteenth Amendment was established the Supreme Court extended the right to trial by jury to defendants in state courts. The number of jurors was re-examined and it was held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by historical accident, and that six jurors would be sufficient but anything less than six would deprive the defendant the right of a fair and impartial jury. On the basis of history and precedent the Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in federal jury trials, however, but the Supreme Court has ruled that the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process Clause requires states to provide jury trials for serious crimes but the Fourteenth Amendment does not incorporate all the elements of a jur y trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment in which jury unanimity is not required. Statement of Problem This research paper will examine the constitutionality and impartiality of Oregon and Louisianas statues on Non-Unanimous Jury Verdicts. Criminal convictions based on non-unanimous verdicts are at risk of increasing and providing harsher punishment that is given without reconsideration. The thoroughness of jury deliberation is questionable because of the lack of interest in being a juror to a time consuming case, as well as the decrease in hung juries in the states court system which eliminates the chances of retrials to introduce newly found evidence or to re-examine original evidence. Unanimity ensures the value of each individual juror and preserves the jurys independence from the courts influences as well as affirms the reasonable doubt standard. Research Questions Are unanimous jury verdicts a violation of criminal defendants Sixth Amendment rights? What are the effects of Louisiana and Oregons statues on the conviction rate of violent crimes (Murder, Forcible Rape and Armed Robbery)? What impact do Louisiana and Oregon statues have on clearance rate compared to the surrounding states? For the purpose of this research, the following terms have been defined for a clearer understanding of the authors points and suggestions. Key Terms Sixth Amendment: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense (Constitution, 1791). Fourteenth Amendment: No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protections of laws (Constitution, 1868). Unanimous: of one mind; in complete agreement; agreed (Unanimous, 2010). Non-Unanimous: unable to reach an agreement with majority and minority groups. Murder: the unlawful killing and intentional killing of a human being; in some instances the killing of another while in the commission or attempted commission of another crime (Falcone, 2005). Forcible Rape: The aggravated form of rape, where sexual intercourse with a female is gained by the use of force or threatened use of force, generally with a weapon of some sort (Falcone, 2005). Armed Robbery: the direct taking of property (including money) from a person (victim) through force, threat or intimidation, Armed robbery involves the use of a gun or other weapon which can do bodily harm (Falcone, 2005). Clearance: Any instance where a known Uniform Crime Report violation is cleared to the satisfaction of the police or other law enforcement agency (Falcone, 2005). Literature Review Supreme Court Decisions Williams v. Florida 1970 Question: Did a trial by jury of less than 12 persons violate the Sixth Amendment? The Court held that the 12-man jury requirement cannot be regarded as an indispensable component of the Sixth Amendment (Williams v. Florida, 1970). The Court found that the purpose of the jury trial was to prevent oppression by the Government (Williams v. Florida, 1970), and that the performance of this role was not dependent on the particular number of people on the jury. The Court concluded that the fact that the jury at common law was composed of precisely 12 is a historical accident, unnecessary to affect the purposes of the jury system and wholly without significance except to mystics (Williams v. Florida, 1970). Decision: 6 votes for Florida, 2 votes against Apodaca v. Oregon 1972 Question: Is a defendants right to trial by jury in a criminal case in a state court (as protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments) violated if the accused is convicted by a less-than-unanimous jury? The Court held that the most important function of the jury is to provide commonsense judgment (Apodaca v. Oregon, 1972) in evaluating the respective arguments of accused and accuser. Requiring unanimity would not necessarily contribute to this function (Apodaca v. Oregon, 1972). Decision: 5 votes for Oregon, 4 votes against Johnson v. Louisiana 1972 Question: Do less-than-unanimous jury verdicts in certain cases violate the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment? The Court held that less-than-unanimous convictions did not violate the reasonable doubt standard embodied in the Fourteenth Amendments Due Process Clause. Justice White argued, that a minority opposing conviction does not prevent the other jurors from reaching their decisions beyond a reasonable doubt (Johnson v. Louisiana, 1972). Furthermore, the presence of dissenting jurors does not indicate that the state failed to uphold this standard. Finally, allowing less-than-unanimous decisions in certain cases serves a rational state purpose, not offensive to the Constitution (Johnson v. Louisiana, 1972). Decision: 5 votes for Louisiana, 4 votes against In Favor of Unanimity Oregons Measure 72 to Bring Balance to the Jury Process in Murder Cases Measure 72 does not give new right to victims rather it allows Oregonians to give up their right to be convicted by unanimous juries. Measure 72 is dangerous to the minority communities in Oregon, where innocent defendants would otherwise be saved from conviction by a twelfth juror. This measure is expensive to the state of Oregon and may lead to the early release of criminals. The overcrowded jails will continue to increase with criminals because of the elimination of bail and restricting options like work release and home detention (Oregon, 1999). Bowen v. Oregon Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Oregon Court of Appeals In the case of Scott David Bowen v. State of Oregon (2007), those in favor of the Petitioner Bowen, believes unanimity promotes robust jury deliberations. When unanimity is required, juries are opted to utilize their time more efficiently before coming to a verdict. When unanimity is not required jurors tend to end their deliberations soon after the required majority was reached. Robust deliberations provide an opportunity for those in the minority to persuade their fellow jurors to change their opinions. It allows nonconformist to point out the fine distinction that leads to a consensus that the defendant is not guilty, or that a lesser included charge is more appropriate, after a thorough consideration of the evidence (Scott David Bowen v. State of Oregon: On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Oregon Court of Appeals, 2009). The National State Courts provided questionnaires from approximately 3,500 jurors of information on the jurys first ballots and final verdicts. Over 10 percent of the cases, jurors who favored a minority position at the same time of the first ballot were able to convince the majority jurors to adopt the minoritys favored verdict. The felony juries in those cases in which only one or two jurors were the minority on the first ballot, only 2.9% ended with a hung jury. In the 83%, if the cases in which hung juries did occur, the minority position was initially supported by at least three jurors (Scott David Bowen v. State of Oregon: On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Oregon Court of Appeals, 2009). Preserving the Value of Unanimous Criminal Jury Verdicts in Anti-Deadlock Instructions Hung juries are a very important element to the jury system especially in states such as Louisiana and Oregon who do not require an unanimous verdict. A hung jury is a social and monetary cost to the court system, to the affected parties and, on a larger scale, to the community. The partiality for unanimous jury exists in need of avoiding coercing jurors to comply with a verdict with which they do not agree. If there is no unity the trial will end without a verdict. If the judge pushes the jurors too hard to come to an agreement, any resulting verdict must be reversed. The unanimity requirement is an important part of the jury process: 1. It empowers each jurors vote with individual meaning. Each juror has a voice, the discussions are often more vigorous and in-depth, and the results usually represents the voice of each person in the room (BoveIII, 2008). 2. Requiring unanimity reinforces the symbolic legitimacy that attaches to a jury of the defendants peers (BoveIII, 2008). Justice, Democracy and the Jury The trial process is perceived as being consistent with democratic ideals and expressions of the communitys voice. These general perceptions of the process are improved by the unanimity requirements impact on deliberations. Beyond the pursuit of justice, juries provide individuals with an opportunity to engage in participatory democracy to a greater extent than in other areas of civic life (Gobert, 1998). When Democracy is Not Self-Government: Toward a Defense of the Unanimity Rule for Criminal Juries Jury service requires people from all walks of life to gather together and decide the fate of another member of their own community. Unlike the decentralized legislative process or national electoral campaigns, jurors sit on the front line of their decision and debate with each other directly (Primus, 1997). Jury in Spector Murder case tells Judge it is Deadlocked Phil Spector was accused of killing actress Lana Clarkson in 2003. After deliberating for seven days, the jury indicated that it was deadlocked; noting that the split was 7 votes to 5 without revealing which side had the majority. The jury indicated the disagreement was on the meaning of reasonable doubt and confusion on how to weigh evidence and interpret the instructions for second-degree murder. In the end, the judge simply re-read most of the instructions, and removed the language he said misstated the law, and added additional instructions on what constitute reasonable doubt. After another week of deliberation, the judge declared a mistrial due to the deadlock. Jury indicated two holdouts prevented the convictions. The major problems with how the decision came about were: The jury is likely to put great emphasis on everything that the judge says or asks (Archibold, 2007). Altering the jury instructions which suggested to the jury that the court preferred some type of conviction in the case even if its on a different charge rather than a mistrial (Archibold, 2007). Not in Favor of Unanimity Oregons Measure 72 to Bring Balance to the Jury Process in Murder Cases The Oregonians concurred that the ability of the jury to acquit or convict a person for any crime except Murder or Aggravated Murder by a vote of 10 to 2 has worked well with their court system. Since the 1930s Oregonians have understood that one juror, who has discriminatory or pre-determined ideas, would never convict or acquit anyone regardless of the statue or evidence provided should not be allowed to determine justice. In relevance to this measure is the case of Andrew Whitaker, a 16 year old boy who admitted purposely murdering a 12 year old girl was luckily given the sentence of Second-Degree Manslaughter in order to avoid the case resulting in a hung jury. Whitaker served a 28 month sentence because one of the jurors refused to vote for murder because her son had been involved in a traffic accident involving a child (Oregon, 1999). Letting the Supermajority Rule: Non- unanimous jury verdicts in criminal trials The jury represents the people standing between a possibly oppressive government and the lonely, accused individual (Glasser, 1997). Statistics show that hung juries can lead to a mistrial in 5 to 12 percent of the more than 200,000 felony criminal jury trials that occur in the United States each year (Glasser, 1997). Reducing the frequency of hung juries without sacrificing justice should be a priority to increase the efficiency of the criminal justice system. Majority-rule juries render a verdict more quickly and tend to adopt a verdict-driven deliberation style, which jurors vote early and conduct discussion in an adversarial manner, rather evidence-driven style, in which jurors first discuss the evidence as one group and vote later. The majority-rule juries generally vote sooner than unanimity rules juries (Glasser, 1997). Why non-unanimous jury verdicts are Constitutional in criminal cases Schwartz state that unanimity in criminal jury verdicts are not worth preserving and would rather have majority verdicts given by jurors who are strongly encouraged to stick to their principles. The elimination of the unanimity rule would also eliminate the use of peremptory challenges. Both eliminations would create more fully deliberative juries because the jury would better represent a fair cross section of the community and more voices will be heard (Schwartz, 2009). Case Study Are Hung Juries a Problem Hannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott and Munsterman (2002) did a four year study under a grant from the National Institute of Justice, the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) on juror deadlock. Methodology Broad-based survey of federal and state courts to document hung jury rates The project team selected four courts for an in-depth jurisdictional study on nearly 400 felony trials. Using surveys of judges, attorneys, and jurors, the NCSC examined case characteristics, interpersonal dynamics during jury deliberations, and juror demographics and attitudes and compared these traits in cases in which the jury reached a verdict to cases in which the jury deadlocked on one or more charges. A case study of 46 deadlocked cases from the in-depth jurisdictional study to develop classification of reasons for jury deadlock Data Collection Surveyors Responses Judges 90% Lawyers 88% Jurors 80% From approximately 100 non-capital felony jury trials in each of the sites between June 2000 and August 2001. The final dataset consisted of a total 382 cases, with which 13 percent of the cases hung on one or more charges. Findings The average hung jury rate was 6.2% only slightly higher than the 5.5% reported by Kalven and Zeisel in 1966, but with a great deal of variation ranging from 0.1% in Pierce County, Washington to 14.8% in Los Angeles County, California in which both states are immediately surrounding Oregon: a non-unanimous state. The proposal was to eliminate the requirement of all jurors to decide unanimously on a verdict reduces hung jury rates, but the limitation was the author ignored addressing why one or two individuals refused to comply with the majority. Twenty percent of jurors admitted that they did not begin to form an opinion about the evidence until they collaborated with the other jurors and one-quarter changed their minds about their first decision preferences because of deliberation. Conclusion The findings was juries that hung reported more trouble remembering the evidence and law, less thorough discussions of the evidence during deliberations, more conflict among the jurors and more domination by one or two jurors and a larger presence of unreasonable people on the jury. Hung jurors were also considerably less satisfied with the deliberation process than verdict jurors (Hannaford-Agor, Hans, Mott, Munsterman, 2002). Case Study- On the Frequency of Non-Unanimous Felony Verdicts in Oregon The Oregon Public Defense Services (OPDS) embark on the task to collect and analyze quantifiable data relating to the regularity of non-unanimous verdicts. Methodology Data was collected from the Oregon Judicial Information Network (OJIN) Calendar Year Felony jury trials that reached the verdict stage 2007 833 2008 588 Total 1421 Calendar Year Indigent Appeal Request 2007 320 2008 342 Total 662 (out of 1421) The 662 appeals represented 46.5% of all felony jury trials, which was divided into three groups and was classified by jury verdict form, the judgment and transcript recordation of the polling of the jury. Unanimous jury verdict Non-Unanimous jury verdict Unclear from records Findings 65.5% of all cases included a non-unanimous verdict on at least one count. 27 out of 833 felony jury trials in Oregon for 2007 resulted in a hung jury, yielding a hung jury rate of 3.2%. 15 out of the 588 felony jury trials Oregon for 2008 resulted in a hung jury, yielding a hung jury rate of 2.5%. Conclusion The data indicated that non-unanimous juries occur with great frequency in felony trials throughout the state. If we were to assume that all in the unknown cases, where polling was not conducted, and unanimity was the result, non-unanimity would still be present in over 40% of all felony jury verdicts. Oregon juries are frequently utilizing the non-unanimous option (Office of Public Defense Services, Apellate Divison, 2009). Too frequently, however, juries acquit deliberately guilty defendants, convict obviously guilty defendants of much lesser offenses, fail to deliberate sufficiently, or fail to reach a verdict in cases with overwhelming evidence. Methodology The data for this research were obtained through policy analysis such as precedent cases and constitutional laws from legal briefs. Quantitative data was constructed into charts to show arrest rates for murder, forcible rape and armed robbery in the year of 2007 and 2008. The charts also represent the clearance rate of those particular offenses and the percent change from 2007 to 2008. Additional states were included into the charts with Louisiana and Oregon to see if there is a difference in arrest rates and clearance rate in the immediately surrounding states. All quantitative data was collected from the Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report. Various case studies and professional opinions were collected through scholarly Criminal Justice and Law journal articles. The data begins from 1997 to 2009 because election time was approaching and this issue has been repeatedly trying to be amended to reverse the non-unanimity rule in Louisiana and Oregon. Data The following charts represent the arrest rates for violent crimes (Murder, Forcible Rape and Armed Robbery) in Louisiana and Oregon; non-unanimous states and the immediate four surrounding state that require unanimity. Each given number was computed to show the percentages. Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Arrest Rates 2007 MURDER FORCIBLE RAPE ARMED ROBBERY TOTAL VIOLENT CRIMES Louisiana Non-Unanimous 242 (3.0%) 324 (4.0%) 1,119 (14.0%) 8,014 Mississippi Unanimous 83 (4.6%) 135 (7.5%) 545 (30.5%) 1,789 Arkansas Unanimous 60 (2.0%) 143 (4.9%) 416 (14.2%) 2,937 Texas Unanimous 759 (2.3%) 1,947 (5.8%) 7,593 (23.0%) 33,309 Oklahoma Unanimous 183 (3.2%) 319 (5.6%) 793 (14.0%) 5,665 Oregon Non-Unanimous 82 (1.67%) 294 (6.0%) 1,173 (23.8%) 4,938 Washington Unanimous 115 (1.5%) 770 (10.1%) 1,915 (25.1%) 7,616 Nevada Unanimous 151 (2.7%) 186 (3.3%) 1,739 (31.1%) 5,595 Idaho Unanimous 33 (2.3%) 114 (7.8%) 74 (5.1%) 1,457 California Unanimous 2,022 (1.6%) 2,141 (1.7%) 21,064 (17.0%) 124,293 *Includes arrest rates for all ages (18 and younger and 19 and older) *Percentages are rounded up to the next factor *Violent crimes are offenses of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Source: Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009. Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Arrest Rates 2008 MURDER FORCIBLE RAPE ARMED ROBBERY TOTAL VIOLENT CRIMES Louisiana Non-Unanimous 183 (2.0%) 238 (2.6%) 1,035 (11.2%) 9,236 Mississippi Unanimous 135 (6.9%) 165 (8.5%) 572 (29.4%) 1,946 Arkansas Unanimous 118 (2.5%) 194 (4.1%) 623 (13.1%) 4,749 Texas Unanimous 863 (2.5%) 2,034 (5.9%) 8,199 (23.9%) 34,235 Oklahoma Unanimous 160 (2.7%) 316 (5.3%) 831 (14.0%) 5,956 Oregon Non-Unanimous 95 (2.0%) 276 (5.7%) 1,187 (24.5%) 4,844 Washington Unanimous 104 (1.5%) 675 (9.7%) 1,637 (23.6%) 6,943 Nevada Unanimous 11 (.17%) 31 (.48%) 369 (56.2%) 6,516 Idaho Unanimous 14 (.98%) 102 (7.2%) 97 (6.8%) 1,425 California Unanimous 1,850(1.48%) 2,088 (1.67%) 22,391(17.9%) 125,235 *Includes arrest rates for all ages (18 and younger and 19 and older) *Percentages are rounded up to the next factor *Violent crimes are offenses of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Source: Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009. The following charts represent the clearance rates for violent crimes (Murder, Forcible Rape and Armed Robbery) in Louisiana and Oregon; non-unanimous states and the immediate four surrounding state that require unanimity. Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Clearance Rate 2007 MURDER FORCIBLE RAPE ARMED ROBBERY Louisiana Non-Unanimous 14.2 32.4 141.7 Mississippi Unanimous 7.1 35.6 98.2 Arkansas Unanimous 6.7 44.7 106.7 Texas Unanimous 5.9 35.3 162.2 Oklahoma Unanimous 6.1 43.1 93.2 Oregon Non-Unanimous 1.9 33.5 76.4 Washington Unanimous 2.7 40.6 93.6 Nevada Unanimous 7.5 42.7 270.2 Idaho Unanimous 3.3 38.5 15.5 California Unanimous 5.8 24.2 188.8 *Per 100,000 persons *Populations are U.S. Census Bureau provisional estimates as of July 1, 2008 and July 1, 2007 Source: Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009. Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Clearance Rate 2008 MURDER FORCIBLE RAPE ARMED ROBBERY Oregon Non-Unanimous 2.2 30.5 69.7 Washington Unanimous 2.9 40.1 96.9 Nevada Unanimous 6.3 42.4 248.9 Idaho Unanimous 1.5 36.2 15.8 California Unanimous 5.8 24.2 188.8 Louisiana Non-Unanimous 11.9 27.9 135.9 Mississippi Unanimous 8.1 30.3 102.6 Arkansas Unanimous 5.7 44.8 95.8 Texas Unanimous 5.6 32.9 155.2 Oklahoma Unanimous 5.8 40.2 101.1 *Per 100,000 persons *Populations are U.S. Census Bureau provisional estimates as of July 1, 2008 and July 1, 2007 Source: Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009. Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Report Percent Change from 2007 to 2008 Clearance Rate MURDER FORCIBLE RAPE ARMED ROBBERY Louisiana Non-Unanimous -15.6 -13.9 -4.1 Mississippi Unanimous +13.2 -15.0 +4.5 Arkansas Unanimous -15.8 +9.2 -10.2 Texas Unanimous -4.9 -6.7 -4.3 Oklahoma Unanimous -5.2 -6.6 +8.4 Oregon Non-Unanimous +11.1 -8.9 -8.8 Washington Unanimous +9.6 -1.3 +3.6 Nevada Unanimous -16.2 -.08 -7.9 Idaho Unanimous -53.8 -6.2 +1.8 California Unanimous -5.7 -1.8 -2.2 *Per 100,000 persons *Populations are U.S. Census Bureau provisional estimates as of July 1, 2008 and July 1, 2007 Source: Adapted by United States Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations, September 2009. Findings The following charts represent the averages of the data collected in percentages. Comparison of 2007 and 2008 Arrest and Clearance Rates **All averages were rounded to the nearest tenths. Arrest and Clearance in 2007 and 2008 were fairly even within each state with the exception of Idaho. Idaho is the only state that shows a true decrease in arrest from 2007 to 2008 with a trending increase in clearance. The Percent Change in Clearance Rate between 2007 and 2008 Idaho had a major decrease in clearance rate which is a unanimous state and Oregon a non-unanimous state had the least decrease in clearance rate Comparison of 2007 and 2008 Arrest and Clearance Rates **All averages were rounded to the nearest tenths. Louisiana and Arkansas has a small decrease in arrest rates from 2007 and 2008 but also has a decrease in clearance rate from 2007 to 2008. Overall there are no major differences from 2007 to 2008 in Arrest and Clearance. The Percent Change in Clearance Rate between 2007 and 2008 Majority of the states had a decrease in clearance from the year of 2007 to 2008 meaning more defendants were being convicted of criminal charges. Mississippi had a minor increase in defendants not being convicted from 2007 to 2008. Overall, Louisiana had the highest decrease, which shows approximately 20% difference versus the non-unanimity states. Conclusion In conclusion, the relationship between the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendme

Impact of Mobile Phones

Most school administrations regard cell phone use as disruptive and distracting, and have implemented policies that prohibits using them on school grounds. Cell phones are a disruption in school. Text messaging can be used to cheat on tests. Students who are text messaging are not able to give full attention to the lesson. If a student cell phone rings in class, it totally disrupts the class for a considerable period of time. Many cell phones are also camera phones. Camera phones present an invasion of privacy in the schools . One of the best ways we can protect the privacy of every student is to ban cell phones from school during the school day. During the school day, students need to be focused on classroom instruction without distractions. While the phones are very convenient and a common part of everyday life, for the most part, they are a distraction everywhere. Have you ever been on a bus or plane and somebody is carrying on a loud personal conversation? At a school, the distraction may be even greater than in a public place. For many teachers, one of the biggest concerns about including cell phones in schools is that they will be used inappropriately. Students do not need cell phones during school hours. Many schools now have telephones in the classroom, if it really is an emergency students are easily contacted. I don't really understand why some parents are so adamant about being able to contact their kids at school at a moment's notice. Teachers have a difficult job as it is. They don't need to be dealing with kids having cell phones going off, surreptitiously texting each other, going on the Internet, and taking photos and video not to mention the possibilities for cheating. There are enough distractions Students will text each other all the time during class, and there are times when the teachers won't even notice! Cellular phones are very distracting. Are we now slaves to our technology? If the student needs to call home they only need to go to the main office or guidance to contact a parent or guardian. Most calls home are not for emergencies, they are for mere simple communication that do not need to be done during school. It must have been a miracle that I made it through that time without the need of a cell phone. The majority of the calls, if not all, will be used in idle chatter. Their current uses are for distraction, social interaction, and lewd photography. And let's not ignore the parents who would call students during class to talk about non-emergency issues. If it is truly an emergency, call the school main number and have the child brought to the office. There should be NO tcell phones in the schools. There are no pros for cellular phone use in school. While cell phones are a convenience, however they don't belong in the school with our students. Students will use them in the class regardless of the rules. It will be a disruptive convenience benefiting only the students to talk to anyone. They will use it to text their friends or to play games. If there is a true emergency the parent only needs to call the school. Cell phones in the school will be a total disruption, they will be a good cheating device. Obviously the cons of allowing cell phones in school, outweigh the pros. Cell phones have become a nuisance. Youngsters have enough distractions. And, there is no difference between looking through your phone and reading a note passed in class. School is for learning. Students will take it for granted and answer calls during the class. It leaves no hope for the classroom teacher. Whether the phone is on vibrate or not, it still makes no difference because the youngster will be continuously looking at the phone in anticipation of a call or a text message. Text messaging turned out to be as popular as e-mail and is omnipresent in many students' hands, and can caused total disruption to mere chaos in the classroom. Distractions such as cellular phones don't belong in school. There is no need for cell phones in the schools, just as there was no need for them in the past. In the case of a true emergency, schools have in place systems that protect the children and notify the parents. It is the parents who are entitled to a cell phone . As a result they will always be available at a moment notice. Cellular phones in school are an unnecessary distraction that take time away from teachers and can be a source in cheating. Text messaging is an epidemic. I'm sorry to tell you this, but if you think students will not be texting each other while a teacher is teaching, you're dead wrong. Whether parents feel it is necessary to have cell phones in the schools or not, it is still a distraction to their children's education. It is a disservice to our children to allow cell phones during in the schools. Cell phones have become a huge problem. Kids text during class, leading to cheating, or coordination of othe r â€Å"bad† activities.

Interview with Grandparents Essay

The concept of marriage has changed over the years, the definition has not. When interviewing Dante (sr. ) and Joanne Zarlenga, both had much to say on the topic. Dante, a retired engineer, navy man, and company owner, said â€Å"I feel as though the sanctity of marriage has diminished over the years. † With this being said, the definition of marriage is the formal union of two persons, recognized by the law and oftentimes the church. The concept of marriage has radically changed. In the days when Dante and Joanne were married, 60+ years ago, marriage was the ultimate form of commitment, meant to last a lifetime. In today’s society, marriage is simply another level of commitment, ready to be terminated at one’s wish. Parenthood is often considered the most difficult journey in the life of a person. When one becomes a parent, whether or not it is within marriage, he/she becomes responsible for the life of another. Joanne said, in a humorous way, â€Å"I think the most difficult aspect of parenthood is giving birth†¦.. your father might have been the most painful. † Dante then interrupted by saying, â€Å"there are many ups and downs about parenthood, but a good parent never quits.† These are words to live by. The sheer concept of being responsible for the life of another person is difficult and often terrifying, but watching that child blossom that makes parenthood so fulfilling and rewarding. By anyone’s standards, there are many rewarding aspects of parenthood. As Joanne stated, â€Å"it’s hard to pinpoint one moment of parenthood that has been the ‘most’ rewarding. † She continued by saying, â€Å"from the moment my first child was born to the moment I take my last breathe, that is the most rewarding part of parenthood. † This statement says so much. Joanne is simply stating that every aspect of parenthood is rewarding, not just one particular moment. â€Å"There are so many things to be proud of my children for. They’ve all grown into such wonderful adults,† said Dante. It is parents like Joanne and Dante who prove that even difficult task can be rewarding. As everyone knows, becoming a parent changes every aspect of one’s life, especially personal and work. When Dante and Joanne had their first child, Joanne missed a lot of work. She was the type of mother who wanted to be there to raise her child instead of hiring a nanny to do it for her. Because she was taking so much time off work, Dante began to work longer days to compensate for the lack of a second income. Like all parents, Dante and Joanne did what they could to create a comfortable life for their children. The change of parenthood was â€Å"a breath of fresh air,† said Dante. â€Å"It was nice to know I was capable of more than creating parts or taking orders,† he continued. Parenthood is not for everyone because of the changes that occur in one’s own life. As far as changing the past, both Dante and Joanne agreed that although they might not have been perfect parents, there was nothing they would do to rewrite history. Whatever their means of parenting, it must have worked because they raise four children into four successful adults. There are so many things parents-to-be should know. As stated by Dante, â€Å"the one thing I wish I would have known prior to becoming a parent is just how hard parenthood is. † There is not one single piece of advice the Zarlengas would give because there are so many lessons better learned through experience. â€Å"The one thing I will tell anybody considering becoming a parent, be ready to give your life for someone else,† said Joanne. Parenting and grandparenting are separated by a generation. Grandparenting comes in many different forms. Some grandparents co-raise their grandchildren, some just babysit occasionally or when they are needed. â€Å"There is only one wrong form of grandparenting, trying to raise grandchildren as your own,† said Dante. Oftentimes grandparents used grandchildren as a way to correct there mistakes when they raised their own children. As said by Joanne, â€Å"grandparenting is like a second chance at parenting. It is also the best way to share the wealth of knowledge with my children.† She acknowledges that there are certain lines not to be crossed by a grandparent. Throughout the many stages of parenthood, there are many challenges to be faced and many rewards to be reaped. In the eyes of Joanne, one of the hardest parts of parenthood is not knowing how to calm your child down as a new parent. â€Å"there were nights when Joe(the oldest) wouldn’t stop crying and it killed me inside because there wasn’t anything I could do about it,† said Joanne. Dante agreed adding, â€Å"it was difficult when the kids were learning things that I could no longer help them with. I felt incompetent.† Both agreed that the most rewarding part of parenthood is looking at who their children have become and the wonderful things they have accomplished. After interviewing Dante and Joanne Zarlenga, my grandparents, I felt a sense of hope for the future. I realized that there are many things to look forward to in the future. There was nothing that I was too surprised by. Getting married and raising a family is one of the most challenging endeavors, but the rewards are unmatched by anything else. There are many aspects I would deem necessary to be a good parent. One of the main qualities would be patience. I can only imagine the difficulty of raising a child and then letting him go. I often feel that being a parent, in certain ways, is similar to being a manager of a big corporation. Both involved a great deal of responsibility to be accountable for other people’s lives. I know my grandparents very well and know that their children are their pride and joy and their grandchildren are a close second. They would do anything for anyone in their family and not expect anything in return. The Zarlengas are truly selfless which makes them the best type of parent and grandparent.

Reusing Plastic Bottles Can Pose Serious Health Hazards

Reusing Plastic Bottles Can Pose Serious Health Hazards Most types of plastic bottles are safe to reuse at least a few times if properly washed with hot soapy water. However, recent revelations about some of the toxic chemicals found in Lexan (plastic #7) bottles are enough to prevent even the most committed environmentalists from reusing them- or buying them in the first place. Studies suggest that food and drinks stored in such containers- including those ubiquitous clear water bottles hanging from just about every hiker’s backpack- can contain trace amounts of Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical that may interfere with the body’s natural hormone messaging system. Reused Plastic Bottles Can Leach Toxic Chemicals Repeated re-use of plastic bottles- which get dinged up through normal wear and tear while being washed- increases the chance that chemicals will leak out of the tiny cracks and crevices that develop in the containers over time. According to the Environment California Research Policy Center, which reviewed 130 studies on the topic, BPA has been linked to breast and uterine cancer, increased risk of miscarriage, and decreased testosterone levels. BPA can also wreak havoc on children’s developing systems. (Parents beware: Some baby bottles and sippy cups are made with plastics containing BPA.) Most experts agree that the amount of BPA that could potentially leach into food and drinks through normal handling is probably very small. Nevertheless, there are concerns about the cumulative effect of these small doses over time. Why Plastic Water and Soda Bottles Shouldnt Be Reused Health advocates advise against reusing bottles made from plastic #1 (polyethylene terephthalate, also known as PET or PETE), including most disposable water, soda, and juice bottles. According to The Green Guide, such bottles may be safe for one-time use but reuse should be avoided. Studies indicate that the containers may leach DEHP- another probable human carcinogen- when they are structurally compromised and in less than perfect condition. Millions of Plastic Bottles End Up in Landfills Every year, consumers go through millions of plastic bottles. Fortunately, these containers are easy to recycle and just about every municipal recycling system will take them back. Still, using them is far from environmentally responsible. The nonprofit Berkeley Ecology Center found that the manufacture of plastic #1 not only uses large amounts of energy and resources but also generates toxic emissions and pollutants that contribute to global warming. And even though PET bottles can be recycled, millions of them find their way into landfills every day in the United States alone. Incinerating Plastic Bottles Releases Toxic Chemicals Another bad choice for water bottles, reusable or otherwise, is plastic #3 (polyvinyl chloride/PVC), which can leach hormone-disrupting chemicals into the liquids stored in them and also release synthetic carcinogens into the environment when incinerated. Plastic #6 (polystyrene/PS) has been shown to leach styrene, a probable human carcinogen, into food and drinks as well. Safe Reusable Bottles Do Exist Plastic bottles are not the only reusable containers available to consumers. Safer choices include bottles crafted from HDPE (plastic #2), low-density polyethylene (LDPE, or plastic #4), or polypropylene (PP, or plastic #5). Aluminum and stainless steel water bottles, such as those youll find at online retailers and in many brick-and-mortar natural food markets, are safer choices that can be reused repeatedly and eventually recycled.

Equal Employment Opportunity Essay Example

Equal Employment Opportunity Essay Example Equal Employment Opportunity Essay Equal Employment Opportunity Essay Phase 1 Individual Project HRMT215-1302A-02: Management of Human Resources April 15, 2013 The responsibility of the EEOC, which is Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is to enforce the law, rules, and regulations in relation to equity in the workplace. In this paper, I am a human resource professional, and I am preparing to train the line supervisors on their responsibility to make sure that they are staying within the law and regulations of the EEOC.When hiring for job positions or firing employees for things that they are doing on the job, there are many rules and regulations that has to be following, to ensure that the appropriate course of action is being taken. There are many decisions that has to be made to avoid litigations, substantial fines, or accidents that can harm the business. With the appropriate compliance training, this can be avoided. With the proper compliance training the employee and the supervisors can be instructed about all the laws and regulations that ap plies to them and the work that they are doing in the business.Many employees and managers are not aware of all the rules and regulations that goes along with the work that they do on a daily basis and don’t know what the impact is on how certain circumstances are to be handled. The compliance training will help the business and employees react appropriately when a situation comes up, stay safe, and avoid making any type of mistakes in the business. There are many areas that are covered in compliance training, such as privacy, safety, family medical leave (FMLA), transportation, overtime issues, sexual harassment, discrimination, and accommodations for employees who has disabilities.The type of training that the managers and employee receive and the timeframe of the training depends on the kind of business the organization has and the specific jobs that they are required to do. Compliance training can be used to help decrease and avoid unnecessary issues to the business. The influence that the EEOC has on the way an organization operates is a positive influence. The EEOC job is to enforce any laws that are in relation to discrimination on the employees based on the race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, genetic information or disability. The first influence is the imitation and direction that is imposed by the Administration and Congress, which explain the main changes of the EEOC operations of enforcement over a period of time (EEOC, 2013). The main methods that are employed by the EEOC in the inception because it is what is permitted by the law are education, outreach, conciliation, and technical assistance. The EEOC achieves an integrated approach that links each of the activities to adjust to new and innovative programs, such as mediation or alternative dispute resolution, which has become a very effective tool that is used to resolve any disputes in the business (EEOC, 2013).The second influence is that it encourage thorough investigatio ns and systemic lawsuits of class members effected. Another influence is the need to find any issues, concerns, or problems in relation to the operation of the agency. The strength of the EEOC has helped greatly in the ability to rise all of the challenges and should continue to focus on the main values of fairness, efficiency, effectiveness, and civil rights that is enforced in all organizations (EEOC, 2013).The role that the HR plays in making sure that compliance to labor laws and regulations are to help the business in the area of managing the compliance with all the main human resource, employee benefit regulations, and compensation that the business recognize. The human resource is responsible for managing operational critical performances and liability by the employees and each of the other members in the organization. The human resource department has to inform to the fullest o the relevant compliance, ethics, and responsibilities of the company.The human resource department is to recognize all the behaviors of the contactors and employees with may cause an exposure to the management team or the company, understand how and when they are supposed to report to the legal counselors or compliance officer for investigation, and have a clear understanding as to how and when they need to document the efforts for managing responsibilities, which assist in gaining evidence on the efforts of compliance that is needed to promote the abilities of the organization or the management team.The implication on HR policies of 2 of the labor laws or regulations that were implemented in the last 10 years are wage and child labor laws. The wage law states that employees are entitled to a minimum ways of no less than $7. 25 per hour, which became effective on July 24, 2009 and overtime pay at a rate of no less than one and one half of the regular pay rate after 40 hours. The child labor law states that no minor under the age of 16 can be employed, permitted, suffered or in c onnection with any occupation at any time. ReferencesCliff notes (2013). HR Management: Laws and Regulations. Retrieved from cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/HR-Management-Laws-and-Regulations. topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8892. html Compare Business Products (2013). Use HR Effectively to Ramp Up Effectiveness of Compliance and Risk Management Efforts. Retrieved from comparebusinessproducts. com/briefs/use-hr-effectively-ramp-effectiveness-compliance-risk EEOC (2013). 35 Yeas of Ensuring the Promise of Opportunity. Retrieved from eeoc. gov/eeoc/history/35th/history/